Borderlands
World War II in Soviet Eastern
Europe
http://www.history.neu.edu/fac/burds/hist7203.htm
HIST7203
". . . the
overwhelming brunt of the Nazi occupation between 1941 and 1944,
as of the devastating Soviet reoccupation, was borne not by Russia but by the
Baltic States, by Belarus, by Poland, and above all by Ukraine."
--
Instructor
Professor Jeffrey Burds
Office: 269 Holmes Hall
Telephone: (617) 373-2079
j.burds@neu.edu
Course Description
This reading and discussion course is devoted to the study of Russia's western borderlands before, during, and immediately following the Second World War, 1939-1945. Drawing from a variety of original documents, films, and monographic studies of the era, we will evaluate the impact of World War II on Soviet Eastern Europe. The primary task is to train graduate students in the techniques of historical inquiry, research, and writing. Required readings will introduce all students to the basic history of the Second World War in the East, supplemented by several weeks of readings on special themes: Soviet Occupation Policy (1939-1941); Ostpolitik: German Occupation Policy in Soviet territory, 1941-1945; Genocide and the Holocaust; Partisans and Collaborators; Nationalism; Ethnic Reprisals after Soviet Liberation of Occupied Zones; and the origins of the Cold War.
Each student will be expected to master the historiography of a selected subfield in World War II history. Working individually or in teams, starting in Week IV students will essentially run the course: one or more students will spend the first hour running the discussion of assigned readings and related historiography; the second hour will be devoted to short student presentations on related subfields usually pertinent to the day's discussion; and I will reserve the third hour for my own presentation on new sources and themes emerging from Eastern Europe.
Besides presentations and regular class discussion, students will be expected to write at least 20 pages of papers during the term. The only presumption is that this writing will be based on 6-8 books (or their equivalent) of outside material. You may choose to write one long paper on a given theme: historiography, or a "research paper" focusing on a specific theme, event, or subfield. Or, students may choose to write up to eight shorter papers that summarize the contributions of 6-8 books worth of material. While presentations of selected class readings will vary, shorter historiographic summaries and presentations will usually overlap with this written work. By the end of the term, I will expect that working collectively we will have covered hundreds of titles of published research. Public History students may substitute papers for original WEB exhibits containing comparable text length.
I expect all papers to represent your best work: all papers should conform to the History Style Guide (to be distributed in class), and all written work should be checked closely for spelling and grammatical errors.
Final grades will be calculated with attention to the following formula:
• Active and considered class participation is encouraged: 30 percent
• Your presentations should be informative, concise, and to the point: 40 percent
• Your semester papers should be well-written, well-argued, and informative: 30 percent
Half of your written work is due by 21 October; the other half by 10 December. All revised work is due by 10 December.
Presentation themes will be set during the first two weeks of classes, and most presentations will be scheduled for the fourth week of the semester and after. Generally, these will be devoted to materials related to the assigned reading for a given week. All presentations will be accompanied with Power Point lectures, as well as pithy handouts summarizing or exploring aspects of the assigned material.
All papers in the course should conform to the History Style Guide, and all written work should be checked closely for spelling and grammatical errors. Sloppy work will receive at least one full grade reduction. Attendance is required; frequent absences or repeated failure to take an active part in the class discussions will result in lower grades.
Books
The following titles (marked with an asterisk) have been ordered at the University Book Store:
Gar
Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy:
Christopher Browning, Ordinary Men: Reserve Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (New York: HarperCollins, 1993).
Jan
T. Gross, Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in
Richard Overy, Russia’s War: (New York:), paper
Ben
Shepherd, War in the Wild East: The German Army and Soviet Partisans,
1941-1944 (
Alfred-Maurice de Zayas, A Terrible Revenge: The Ethnic Cleansing of the East European Germans, 1944-1950 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993).
Bibliography
An extensive list of useful readings and materials for choosing paper
themes.
Check out
summaries of the latest research in Soviet Military Studies
[Frank Cass Publishing]
Check out the Journal of Slavic Military Studies [David M. Glantz, ed.]
Check out the U.S. Army Homepage, with extensive on-line monographs concnering all aspects of the Soviet military, World War II, Soviet partisans, etc.
Connect to the National Archives
Connect to the British Public Record Office [Press for Catalogue Search]
Russian Military History Site with thousands of full-text books: Voennaia Literatura
For 83 Detailed Maps of the Eastern Front Action
SPASI!
A Russian woman and child under attack by Nazi bayonets: "Save
us!" This was one of the most memorable images of the Soviet home front in
World War II
Week 1 Introduction
(September 9)
Introduction. Discussion.
Please read three short
selections BEFORE the first class meeting:
Michael Cherniavsky, "Corporal
Hitler, General Winter and the Russian Peasant," The Yale
Review Volume LI, Number 4 (Summer 1962), pp. 547-558.
Jeffrey Burds, "Ethnicity,
Memory, and Violence: Reflections on Special Problems in Soviet & East
European Archives," in Francis X. Blouin and William G. Rosenberg,
eds., Archives, Documentation, and the Institutions of Social Memory: Essays
from the Sawyer Seminar, 2000-2001 (
Piotr Wrobel, "Double Memory: Poles and Jews After the Holocaust," East European Politics and Societies Volume 11, Number 3 (Fall 1997), 560-574.
FILM: Come
& See (Elem Klimov, USSR, 1985)
Described as "142 minutes of raw emotion", this film won top
prizes at the Moscow and Venice film festivals in 1985. The story is based on
writer Aleksandr Adamovich's WWII memoirs of SS reprisals against partisans.
Set in occupied Belorussia in 1943, the film follows a raw teenager into the
swamps and forests of the Western border provinces, where he undergoes a hell
of atrocities, transformed by his hatred for the fascists as he tries to
survive the carnage of war. Russian with English subtitles. 142 minutes.
Week 2 Operation
Barbarossa and the German Invasion of Soviet Eastern Europe (September 16)
READ: Richard Overy, Russia’s War: A History of the Soviet Effort, ##
Documentary Films
Russia's War: Blood upon the Snow (1997)
Russia's
War is an extraordinary
ten-hour documentary history of the Soviet-German war, 1941-1945. Prepared
after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the documentary is the very best
history of the war--in print or film--ever produced. This documentary will
provide the backbone informing students in the seminar of the rich history of
the war. All studies are required to keep a journal, and to write at least
one page of a reflective essay on each hour of the documentary. The journals
should be submitted via email attachment by 26 March.
Part One
[349 megs]
Documents
MAP:
Soviet Military Intelligence Analysis of the Concentration of German Forces on
the Eve of War
MAP: Disposition of Soviet & German Forces on the Soviet western borders on the eve of invasion
Handout: Map1, Operation Barbarossa
Document: Hitler's Commissar Order, dated 6 June 1941
Nazi-Soviet Relations, 1931-1941 [Documents of the Avalon Project]
Stalin's Speech Before the Politburo [19 August 1939]
Photo & Text of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact [23 August 1939]
Secret Protocols of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact [23 August 1939]
Document: Hitler's Commissar Order, dated 6 June 1941
Einsatzkommando
Diary - Lemberg (July 1941)
Molotov's Note on German Atrocities in Occupied Soviet Territory (January 6, 1942)
Ilya Ehrenberg, "The Justification of Hatred" (Summer 1942)
Data on Soviet/German/British/US Wartime Production
Historiography: Stalin's Intelligence failure
(Gorodetsky, et. al); "
Assign paper/presentation themes. Presentations
will begin in Week 4.
Recommended
K. I. Bukov,
"The
Anxious October of '41", Russian Studies in History Volume
31, No. 4 (Spring 1993): 30-48.
John Erickson, “The Soviet Response to Surprise Attack: Three Directives, 22 June 1941,” Soviet Studies Volume 23, Number 4 (April 1972): 519-553.
Gabriel Gorodetsky, Grand Delusion: Stalin and the German Invasion of Russia (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999).
Mark Harrison, Accounting for War: Soviet Production, Employment, and the Defence Burden, 1940-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
Clement Leibovitz, Alvin Finkel, Christopher Hitchens, In Our Time: The Chamberlain-Hitler Collusion (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1998).
Bruce W. Menning, ed. At the Threshold of War: The Soviet High Command in 1941 in Russian Studies in History: A Journal of Translations Volume 36, Number 3 (Winter 1997-98), pp. 2-93.
Albert Resis, "The Fall of Litvinov: Harbinger of the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact," Europe-Asia Studies Volume 52, Number (January 2000): 33-56.
Cynthia Roberts, "Planning for War: the Red Army and the Catastrophe of 1941," Europe-Asia Studies Volume 47, Number 8 (December 1995) pp. 1293-1326.
Geoffrey Roberts, "The Soviet Decision for a Pact with Nazi Germany," Soviet Studies Volume 44, Number 1 (1992): 57-80.
The
Battle of Stalingrad: Turning Point on the Eastern Front
The Russian Campaign, 1941-1945: A Photo Diary (by Otto Willnauer)
War Albums: Two German Soldiers on
the Eastern Front
Photographs from
the Eastern Front
World War II in Ukraine [A
Photo Essay]
WEB Genocide Documentation
Centre: Internet Resources on Genocide & Mass Killings [World War II]
WEB Guide: SS Atrocities in Wartime
Week 3 After Stalingrad:
The Soviet Drive to Berlin (September 23)
READ:
Richard Overy, Russia’s War: A History of the Soviet Effort, ##
Documentary
Films
Russia's
War: Blood upon the Snow (1997)
Clips from the Soviet celebration of victory on Red Square, 1945
Handouts: Map3 of
the
Handout: Stalin's Toast to Victory (May 24, l945)
Photo credit: Raising the Hammer and
Sickle over the Reichstag,
2 May, 1945 by Yevgeni Khaldey
Recommended
Antony Beevor, Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege, 1942-1943(New York: Penguin Press, 1999).
William C. Fletcher, "The Soviet Bible Belt: World War II's Effects on Religion," in Susan J. Linz, editor. The Impact of World War II on the Soviet Union (Rowman & Allanheld, 1985), pp. 129-156.
Leonidas E. Hill, "The Published Political Memoirs of Leading Nazis, 1933-45," in George Egerton, ed. Political Memoir: Essays on the Politics of Memory (London: Frank Cass, 1994), pp. 225-241.
Daniel Peris : "'God is Now On Our Side': The Religious Revival on Unoccupied Soviet Territory during World War II," Kritika, Volume 1, Number 1 (1999): 97-118.
Week 4 Origins of Soviet
Ethnic Cleansing (September 30)
Terry Martin, "The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing," The Journal of Modern History Volume 70, Number 4 (December 1998): 813-861.
Jeffrey Burds, “The Soviet War against ‘Fifth Columnists:’ The Case of Chechnya, 1942-1944,” Journal of Contemporary History, Volume 42, Number 2 (April 2007).
Handouts: Text of the Non-Aggression Pact
Map of Central and Eastern Europe after the Non-Aggression Pact (Fall 1939)
DOCUMENT: Signals
from Moscow
Historiography: 1939-1941; The Soviet War against 'Fifth Columnists'; Katyn; Millman on Anglo-French operations in Turkey
Of
Related Interest
Jan Gross, Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988).
Victor Zaslavsky, "The Katyn Massacre: 'Class Cleansing' as Totalitarian Praxis," Telos Issue 114 (Winter 1999) 67-107.
Benjamin B. Fischer, "The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field," Studies in Intelligence (Winter 1999-2000) [CIA's Declassified Journal]
DOCUMENT
Memorandum
on NKVD letterhead from L. Beria to "Comrade Stalin" proposing to
execute captured Polish officers, soldiers, and other prisoners by shooting.
Stalin's handwritten signature appears on top, followed by signatures of
Politburo members K. Voroshilov, V. Molotov, and A. Mikoyan. Signatures in left
margin are M. Kalinin and L. Kaganovich, both favoring execution
Week 5 Ostpolitik:
The German Occupation Zone (October 7)
READ: Jan T. Gross, Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001).
And the review: "Polish 'Neighbors' and German Invaders: Contextualizing Anti-Jewish Violence in the Bialystok District during the Opening Weeks of Operation Barbarossa," Forthcoming in Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry, Volume 16 (2003), by Alexander B. Rossino
Historiography: June-July 1941; Self-cleansing operations; Eisatzgruppen; Occupation Police
OPTIONAL
HISTORICAL
CONTROVERSY: The Reaction to "Neighbors" in Poland
Yedwabne: [Jewish
Shtetl] History & Memorial Book
Voices on the Jedwabne
Tragedy
Anna
Bikont, "Scene
fron Jedwabne," Yad Vashem Studies (2002) A Polish
Jew's discussion of the controversy
Of Related Interest on the Problem of Wartime Collaboration
Berhard Chiari, Alltag hinter der
Front. Besatzung, Kollaboration und Widerstand in Weissrussland 1941-1944
(Duesseldorf, 1998).
Alexander
Dallin, German
Rule in Russia, 1941-1945: A Study of Occupation Policies,
pp. 84-167, 305-319, 376-408. [View on-line in PDF format]
Martin Dean, Collaboration in the Holocaust: Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine, 1941-44 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999), pp. 41-59, 78-104, 161-168.
Collaboration in the Holocaust in its entirety.
John Erickson, "Nazi Posters in Wartime Russia," History Today, Sep94, Vol. 44 Issue 9, pp. 14-19.
Frank Gordon, Latvians and Jews Between Germany and Russia Translated by Vaira Puķīte and Jānis Straubergs (Stockholm: Memento, 1990)
Jan Tomasz Gross, Polish Society Under German Occupation: The Generalgouvernement, 1939-1944 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979).
Zygmunt Klukowski, Diary from the Years of Occupation, 1939-44 (University of Illinois Press, 1993).
Excerpts from Klukowski's diary
Wolodomyr Kosyk, The Third Reich and Ukraine (New York: Peter Lang Publishers, 1993), pp. 185-315. Documents on pp. 546-548, 548-549, 550, 554 [View on-line in PDF format]
Richard Rhodes, Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust (New York: Knopf, 2002)
Oleg Zarubinsky,
"Collaboration of the Population in Occupied
Nuremburg War Crimes Tribunal Proceedings [Complete series on line]
National Archives Collection of
World War II War Crimes Records (RG238)
Reading/Research
on World War II Poland
Christopher R. Browning, "The Nazi Decision to Commit Mass Murder: Three Interpretations: The Euphoria of Victory and the Final Solution: Summer-Fall 1941," German Studies Review, Vol. 17, No. 3. (Oct., 1994): 473-481.
Omer Bartov, "Operation Barbarossa and the Origins of the Final Solution," in The Final Solution: Origins and Implementation, ed. David Cesarani, (New York: Routledge, 1996), pp. 119-36.
Christian Gerlach, "The Wannsee Conference, the Fate of German Jews, and Hitler's Decision in Principle to Exterminate all European Jews," Journal of Modern History Volume 70, Number 4 (December 1998): 759-812
Bartov, ERASED
Week 6
Holocaust & Genocide: The Politics of Ethnic Cleansing (October 14)
Christopher
Browning, Ordinary Men: Reserve Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in
Poland [Joyce]
HANDOUT: Eyewitness Account
of Einsatzgruppen Executions
HANDOUT: Holocaust
Data
HANDOUT: Hitler's Willing Executioners
HANDOUT: Perpetrators, Victims, Bystanders
HANDOUT: Beyond
Redemption? Reflections on the Holocaust
Historiography: Holocaust; Perpetrators, Victims, Bystanders; Goldhagen Thesis
JOYCE PRESENTATION ON EINSATZGRUPPEN
AUDREY ON CONCENTRATION CAMPS IN FRANCE
Follow the
German Army's brutality in the East at War of Annihilation:
War Crimes of the Wehrmacht, 1941-1944
Judith Levin and Daniel Uziel, Ordinary Men, Extraordinary Photos, Yad Vashem Studies, 2002. Studies German soldiers' photo albums as a source about the mentalité of perpetrators of atrocities
Visit the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in
Visit the Gallery of Holocaust Images prepared for an on-line Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust.
Visit an on-line Photographic Exhibition of the Holocaust.
Recommend Reading
Yitzak Arad, Shmuel Krakowski and Shmuel Spector, editors. The Einsatzgruppen Reports (New York: Holocaust Library. 1989). [Includes additional documents]
Catherine A.
Bernard, "tell
him that I . . . . Women Writing the Holocaust,"
Richard
Breitman, "Himmler's
Police Auxiliaries in the Occupied Soviet Territories,"
The
Christine Damski/Sara Rozen Story -- Jewish Rescue in
Follow more
stories in Ellen Land-Webber, To Save a Life:
Stories of Holocaust Rescue (
Daniel Goldgahen, Hitler's
Willing Executioners, and review by Raul Hilberg, "The
Goldhagen Phenomenon"
Library of Holocaust Survivor
Memoirs
A Virtual Tour of
Jewish Lodz (Poland)
Witnesses--On Line
Testimonies of Holocaust Survivors, Liberators & Other Documents
Documents
on the Holocaust -- Soviet Union
Week 7
Partisans & Collaborators (October 21)
READ: Ben Shepherd, War in the Wild East: The German Army and Soviet Partisans
and
Truman
Anderson, "Incident at Baranivka: German Reprisals and the Soviet Partisan
Movement in Ukraine, October-December 1941," Journal of Modern History
Volume 71, Number 3 (September 1999): 585-623.
[Regina]
Historiography themes: "The Barbarization of Warfare" (Bartov, Anderson); Wehrmacht War Crimes Exhibition; Espionage; Logistics
HANDOUT: Logistics & Partisan Warfare
FILM: Russia's War -- Volume II
Of Related Interest on the Partisan War
Truman
Anderson, “Germans,
Ukrainians and Jews: Ethnic Politics in Heeresgebiet Süd,
June-December 1941,” War in History Volume 7, Number 3 (2000): 325-351.
Perry Biddiscombe, Perry Biddiscombe, "Unternehmen Zeppelin: The Deployment of SS Saboteurs and Spies in the Soviet Union, 1942-1945," Europe-Asia Studies Volume 52, Number 6 (2000): 1115-1142.
Perry
Biddiscombe, "The
problem with glass houses The Soviet recruitment and deployment of SS men as spies
and saboteurs," Intelligence and National Security (
D. Karov, Underground
Activity in
Alexander
Dallin, German
Rule in Russia, 1941-1945: A Study of Occupation Policies,
pp. 497-636. [View on-line in PDF format]
Leonid D. Grenkevich, Soviet Partisan Movements: A Critical Historiographical Analysis (London: Frank Cass, 1999).
Propaganda Posters for the Eastern
Front: An On-Line Exhibit
Rear Area Security in Russia: The Soviet Second Front Behind the German Front (Washington, DC: Department of the Army, 1951).
[From the German War Report Series based on U.S. interrogations of German officers from the Eastern Front]
Major Claude
R. Sasso, Soviet
Night Operations in World War II (
Ben Shepherd, “Hawks, Doves and Tote Zonen: A Wehrmacht Security Division in Central Russia, 1943,” Journal of Contemporary History Volume 37, Number 3 (2002): 349-369.
Robert W.
Stephan, Stalin's Secret War: Soviet Counterintelligence against the Nazis,
1941-1945 (
Pavel Sudoplatov, Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness -- A Soviet Spymaster (Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1994-1995). Revised Edition.
First papers due.
Week 8 The Political Economy of Genocide (October 28)
READ: The
Unpublished Diary of 16-year-old Clara Schwartz Kramer [Our translation of
the original Polish diary]
BROWSE: The
Unpublished Diary of 16-year-old Clara Schwartz Kramer: Hiding out in
Zloczow/Zolkiew/Zolochiv, Poland (Ukraine)
[This is Kramer’s own “edited” and
expurgated version of the diary, and it includes diagrams and photos.]
READ: Clara
Kramer, Clara
Kramer’s War (London: Random House, 2008).
Recommended
Yitzhak Arad, "Plunder of Jewish Property in the Nazi-Occupied Areas of the Soviet Union," in David Silberklang ed., Yad Vashem Studies. Volume 29. (Jerusalem: Keter Publishing, 2001).
Jeffrey Burds, "Shmal'tsovniki: Bounty Hunters in German-Occupied Lemberg, 1941-1944"
Martin
Dean, Robbing the Jews: The Confiscation of Jewish Property in the
Holocaust, 1933-1945 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008).
The Diary of Anne Frank [ Anne Frank Museum ]
Boris M. Zabarko, ed. Holocaust in Ukraine (London: Mitchell Vallentine and Co., 2005).
Christian Gerlach, "German Economic Interests, Occupation Policy, and the Murder of the Jews of Belorussia, 1941/43, in National Socialist Extermination Policies, ed. Ulrich Herbert, 210-39.
Lenore J. Weitzman, "Living on the Aryan Side in Poland: Gender, Passing, and the Nature of Resistance," in Dalia Ofer and Lenore J. Weitzman, eds., Women in the Holocaust, 187-212.
FILM: Angry Harvest (Director: Agnieszka Holland, 1986),
German with English subtitles, 102 minutes
This remarkable Academy Award-nominated film by renowned filmmaker Agnieszka Holland
tells a compelling story of love and desire during World War II. Middle-aged
lonely farmer Leon (Armin Mueller-Stahl) rescues the younger Rosa an
upper-class Jewish refugee as she is fleeing from the Nazis. While he nurses
her back to health their relationship gradually grows more intimate but
disintegrates into a cat-and-mouse power struggle as Leon's mixed motives in
hiding Rosa emerge. One of the boldest Holocaust films ever made Angry Harvest
is a fascinating multilayered portrait of two flawed people forced to depend on
each other as war takes its ultimate toll.
First half of written work is due: 10 or more pages on
at least three or four books of material.
Week 9 "War within the War": World War II as a Civil War
(November 4)
READ: Timothy Snyder, "The Causes of
Ukrainian-Polish Ethnic Cleansing, 1943," Past and Present
Volume 179 (May 2003): 197-234.
READ: Piotr Wrobel, "The Seeds
of Violence: The Brutalization of an East European Region, 1917-1921,"
Journal of Modern European History Volume 1, Number 1 (2003): 125-148.
READ: Waldemar Lotnik, Nine Lives:
Ethnic Conflict in the Polish-Ukrainian Borderlands (London: Serif, 1999),
pp. 7-206.
Handout: Mykola Lebed CIA Interrogation Transcript
Related
Colonel I.
G. Starinov, Over the Abyss:
My Life in Soviet Special Operations (New York: Ivy Books [Ballantine
Books], 1995), pp. 161-366.
Timothy
Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations (New Have: Yale University Press,
2003).
Week 10 Sexual Violence in War (November 11)
VETERANS’ DAY, NO CLASSES
READ: Jeffrey Burds, “Sexual
Violence in Europe in World War II,” published in a special issue on
“Sexual Violence during War” in Politics and Society (March, 2009).
[Audrey]
AUDREY ON SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN FRANCE
Shoah Video Interview: Gilbert Metz, Shoah Video Interview: Bronka Chudy
Krygier.
Related
Alaine Polcz, A Wartime Memoir: Hungary
1944-1945 (Budapest: Corvina, 1991-1997).
Anonymous [Marta Hillers], A Woman in Berlin: Eight Weeks in the Conquered City (A Diary) (New
York: Henry Holt, 2005).
Marlene Epp, "The Memory of
Violence: Soviet and East European Mennonite Refugees and Rape in the
Second World War" Journal of Women's History, 9 (1), Spring 1997.
Wendy Jo Gertjejanssen, "Victims,
Heroes, Survivors: Sexual Violence on the Eastern Front during World War
II," Ph.D. Dissertation,
Norman Naimark, "Soviet Soldiers, German
Women and the Problem of Rape." The Russians in Germany: A History of the
Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945-1949 (Cambridge: Harvard University
Press,1995), 69-140.
Agate Nesaule, A Woman in Amber: Healing
the Trauma of War and Exile (New York: Penguin Books, 1995).
Vieda Skultans, The Testimony of Lives:
Narrative and Memory in Post-Soviet Latvia (London and New York: Routledge,
1998).
Week 11 Volksdeutsche:
East European Reprisals against Ethnic Germans (November 18)
READ: Alfred-Maurice de Zayas, A Terrible Revenge: The Ethnic Cleansing of the East European Germans, 1944-1950 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993).
Historiography:
Rape Warfare; Gender and Warfare; Snyder/Kulczyski and Postwar ethnicity
War Crimes; Postwar reconstruction
LUKE PRESENTATION ON NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY
MOVEMENTS AFTER THE WAR
Of Related Interest
Istvan Deak,
Jan Gross, and Tony Judt, eds. The Politics of Retribution in Europe
(Princeton:
Lucille Eichengreen, From Ashes to Life: My Memories of the Holocaust (Mercury House, 1994).
Erich Anton Helfert, Valley of the Shadow: After the Turmoil, My Heart Cries No More (Creative Arts Books, 1997). [Chronicles the fate of a Sudeten German family]
John Sack, An Eye for an Eye: The Untold Story of Jewish Revenge against Germans in 1945 (New York: Basic Books, 1993, 1995).
Timothy Snyder, "'To Resolve the Ukrainian Question Once and For All': The Ethnic Cleansing of Ukrainians in Poland, 1943-1947," Journal of Cold War Studies Volume 1, Number 2 (Spring 1999): 86-120.
Read a reprint of
Jeffrey Burds' H-DIPLO review of Snyder's article.
For More Information
Violence and
Self-Identity: Diagnostic Criteria for Evaluating Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder as identified by Judith Herman, M.D. Trauma & Recovery (New
York: Basic Books, 1992). Herman identifies trauma as an overlooked
epidemic.
Jan Gross, Fear
Bozena Szaynok, "The Jewish Pogrom in Kielce, July 1946 -- New Evidence," Intermarium Volume I, Number 3,
Of Related Interest on Postwar Ethnic Violence
Zygmunt Klukowski, Red Shadow: a physician's memoir of the Soviet occupation of Eastern Poland, 1944-1956 (Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co., 1997).
J. Otto Pohl, Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937-1949 (Greenwod Publishing, 1999).
Visit the WEBsite of Poland's Institute of National Remembrance, the Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes Against the Polish Nation
Week 12 Thanksgiving
Break (November 25) NO CLASS MEETING
Week 13 Aftermath: Origins
of the Cold War (December 2)
Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima & Potsdam (The Use of the Atomic Bomb and the American Confrontation with Soviet Power) (Boulder, Colorado: Pluto Press, 1994). Second Expanded Edition. [Keith]
REGINA ON GERMAN OCCUPATION OF UKRAINE
Related
Richard J.
Aldrich, "Historians
of Secret Service and their Enemies," The Hidden Hand: Britain,
America and Cold War Secret Intelligence (
"Operation Unthinkable: 'Russia: Threat
to Western Civilization,'" British War Cabinet, Joint Planning Staff
[Draft and Final Reports: 22 May, 8 June, and 11 July 1945], Public Record
Office, CAB 120/691/109040
"Use of Special Intelligence by Official Historians," Report by the Joint Intelligence Sub-Committee [JIC (45) 223 (0) Final] 20 July 1946, Public Record Office, CAB 103/288/109123.
Historiography: Origins of the Cold War; Hasegawa; Coverups
Related Documents
Stalin's Analysis of Victory (February 9, 1946)
The Origins of Containment: George Kennan's "Long Telegram" (Moscow-to-Washington) (February 22, 1946)
"The Sinews of Peace":
Audio and Transcript of Churchill's Speech at
The Novikov
Telegram: Soviet Ambassador in
Andrei Zhdanov's "Report on the International Situation" (September 1947)
NSC-68 -- The Foundations of American Cold War Policy
Soviet Documents in the Cold War
Compendium of Documents & Readings on the History of the Cold War
Of
Related Interest
Cold War/International History Project WEBsite
Cold War Espionage on CNN.COM
Gar Alperovitz, The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb (New York: Random House, 1996).
James Jay Carafano, "Mobilizing Europe's Stateless: America's Plan for a Cold War Army," Journal of Cold War Studies Volume 1, Number 2 (1999).
Hiroshima-Nagasaki: Fifty Years
of Deceit and Self-Deception [An Exhibition at
Kenneth M.
Jensen, ed. The Origins of the Cold War: The Novikov, Kennan and Roberts
"Long
Telegrams" of 1946. 1993 revised edition (US Inst of Peace, 1993).
Christopher Simpson, Blowback: America's Recruitment of Nazis and Its Effects on the Cold War (New York: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1988), pp. 3-11, 138-175, 264-290.
The Truman Presidential Papers. (University Publications of America) Vol. 1 The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb in Japan
Week 14 Aftermath, Part II:
Postwar Soviet Policy in East Europe (December 10)
READ: Alfred J. Rieber, "Civil Wars in the Soviet Union," Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 4(1): 129–62, Winter 2003. [Luke]
Photo: Soviet MVD Special Tasks
Unit near
Historiography: The Struggle against Banditry; Russia after the War; Reflections
KEITH RESEARCH ON WAR & PROPAGANDA
The second half of your written work is due in
249 Meserve by April 3. I will comment on that work and try to return it by
April 6, leaving you a full week to complete final revisions.
Of Related Interest
The Anti-Soviet Resistance in the Baltic States (Vilnius: Du Ka Press, 1999).
Jeffrey Burds, “The Struggle Against Banditry in the USSR, 1944-1953,” Social History—Yearbook 2000 (Moscow: Institute of History and Rosspen, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2000), pp. 169-190.
---------. "AGENTURA: Soviet Informants' Networks & the Ukrainian Rebel Underground in Galicia, 1944-1948," East European Politics and Societies Volume 11, Number 1 (Winter 1997): 89-130.
---------. "Gender and Policing in Soviet West Ukraine, 1944-1948," Cahiers du Monde Russe Volume 42, Numbers 2-4 (April-December 2001).
--------. "The Early Cold War in Soviet West Ukraine," No. 1505 in The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, 2001).
Marek Jan Chodakiewicz, "The Dialectics of Pain: The Interrogation Methods of the Communist Secret Police in Poland, 1944-1955, " Glaukopis, vol. 2/3 (2004-2005).
Juozas Daumantas, Fighters for Freedom: Lithuanian Partisans Versus the USSR (1944-1947). Second Edition. (Toronto, 1975). [Fascinating first-hand account by Lithuanian anti-Soviet guerrilla leader, originally written in 1948. The name is a pseudonym for Juozas Luksa, who escaped to the West in December 1947 and returned to rejoin the Lithuanian Freedom Army in 1950. He was captured and executed by the NKVD in October 1951.]
Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service (2000).
Peter Grose, Operation Rollback: America's Secret War Behind the Iron Curtain (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin Company, 2000).
James Heinzen, "Informers and the State under Late Stalinism: Informant Networks and Crimes against ‘Socialist Property,’ 1940-1953, " Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History Volume 8, Number 4 (Fall 2007): 789-815.
Mart Laar, War in the Woods: Estonia's Struggle for Survival, 1944-56 (Washington, D.C.: Compass Press, 1992).
Gregory Mitrovich, Undermining the Kremlin: America's Strategy to Subvert the Soviet Bloc, 1947-1956 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000).
George Reklaitis, Cold War Lithuania: National Armed Resistance and Soviet Counterinsurgency No. 1806 in The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, 2007).
Amir Weiner, "Nature, Nurture, and Memory in a Socialist Utopia: Delineating the Soviet Socio-Ethnic Body in the Age of Socialism," American Historical Review Volume 104, Number 4 (October 1999): 1114-1155.
Final papers
should be submitted to the instructor and on line via TURNITIN by December 10.